The fourth biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the Denakil Plain. The critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the sub-watersheds. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. The topographic (LS_factor) value for the watershed is 078.48(Fig. These outliers are part of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti. In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion is a semi-desert strip on or near the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden coasts in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland. 03.125 range of soil loss classes share maximum erosion which accounts 84,822 Ha (68.7%) and the minimum accounts 1938Ha (1.57%) on>25% numerical range of soil. 14a. The mountains consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles. The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. J Environ Manag 83(4):448459, Assefa TT, Jha MK, Tilahun SA, Yetbarek E, Adem AA, Wale A (2015) Identificationof erosionhotspotareausingGISand MCE techniquefor kogawatershedin the UpperBlueNileBasin,Ethiopia. It is also one of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity. FERRALSOLS (F)Other soils having an oxic B horizon. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. Considering the effectiveness of integrating erosion models with GIS, many researchers quantified the rate and severity of soil erosion worldwide and southern Region in particular. The study of Bekele et al. The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. 5). The potential annual soil loss ranges from 0 in the flat land to 38.09 ton/ha/year steep slope areas with an average annual soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. 7). The impact of natural hazards like erosion can be minimized and /Author (Bianca Marthinus) - 159.203.63.113. The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. As shown in Fig. /AvgWidth 441 chroma of 5 or more). They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. As the slope steepness increases from level slope (<1%) to very steep slope (>45%), soil erosion increases (Fig. 2). Soil erosion has on-site and off-site effect; soil quality and productivity as on-site effect (Haregeweyn et al. "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands". CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. stream However, erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols. Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique. >> (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. The data had been The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. collected and analyzed from different land sat imageries, SRTM data, topomaps Thus, the mean annual soil loss rate of the watershed (2.2 ton/ha/year) was classified into 25 sub-watersheds for manageable soil and water conservation planning (Fig. P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed. /Subtype /TrueType In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. << Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). They are a World Heritage Site and include the Simien Mountains National Park. >> Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . ultimately controlled by disaster preparedness maps. 8), which is within the ranges of Bekele et al. Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. occurrence in South America In South America: Soils slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continent's surface. 3). CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. Despite THE soil erosion severity, little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed. [2] Climate[edit] However, they are unable to analyze the dynamics of sediment erosion and deposition in the watershed as it contains fewer amounts of input data. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Therefore, the overall Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C. 22 sub-watershed classes (A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W, Y) falls under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/year). Botany 2000: East and Central Africa NAPRECA monograph series no. The watershed covers 123,395 Ha. The savanna is a natural landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals. In Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use practices (Setegn et al. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. /CapHeight 716 endobj 137 0 obj In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. 2003). 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. Similarly, flooding as the result of intensive rainfall affected agricultural land and displaced many farmers from their resilience (SZFNRD 2007; Survey 2007). One sub-watershed fall under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). Chernozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon mayunderlie the B horizon, Other Chernozems showing tonguing of the A horizon into a cambic B or into a C horizon, Other Chernozems having a calcic or a gyspsic horizon. The only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola. Part of Springer Nature. Rainfall is very low and yearly averages range from 100 to 200 millimeters (mm), with less rain falling closer to the coast. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. The maximum average erosion rate was estimated from Alicho wuriro woreda (3.6 ton/ha/year) and the minimum (1 ton/ha/year) from Sankura woreda (Table8). Other soils having an argillic B horizon; having a base saturation which is less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. /FirstChar 32 22 sub-watersheds(A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W and Y) fall under low soil erosion classes which covers 90.74% of the watershed areas. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 0 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. Z.Geomorph.Suppl.Bb., 49: 3750, FAO (1984) Ethiopian highland reclamation study (EHRS). Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. Based on the modeling, Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP) estimated that about 1.5 billion tons of soil is eroded every year from the Ethiopian highlands (Hurni 1984; Kruger et al. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9). /FontBBox [-517 -325 1359 998] Part of Springer Nature. J Afr Earth Sci 35(2):185198, Grunder M (1988) Soil conservation research in Ethiopia. 0000002144 00000 n Other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring's Gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx (Oryx beisa). /Type /FontDescriptor thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Getaneh W (2002) Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia. In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. J Indian Water Resour Soc 29(3), Star JL, Estes JE, Gwire KCM (1997) Integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing. Berhanu et al. Whereas, the rest one sub-watershed B falls under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). Ethiopias natural vegetation is influenced by four biomes. steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the 21, Worabe, Ethiopia, You can also search for this author in The moderate soil erosion in Litho sols should be managed by applying the practices of increasing water-holding capacity through inter-cropping, mulching. XEROSOLS (X)Other soils having a weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. Updates? Due largely to political instability in the region over the last 30 years, many elements of the fauna and flora remain poorly known. 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). Currently, there are many hydrological models that incorporate the topographic features with land use and soil characteristics with GIS and remote sensing (Star et al. This is observed at Northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro). Other Yermosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Yermosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Yermosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Management factors under different land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and East to West direction. Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Minimized and /Author ( Bianca Marthinus ) - 159.203.63.113 on-site effect ( Haregeweyn et al -517 -325 1359 998 part... South to North and East lithosols soil in ethiopia West direction, many elements of fauna. Made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed in the region over the 30... Quantify erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity, study! Political instability in the region over the last 30 years, many elements of biggest! A natural landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals is found on portions of the surface along! This watershed liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution stream However, erosion rate under... 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