The name comes from signs that used to be posted telling minorities to be gone before the sun set for the day. It's on the list you linked to. that a lot of the towns on that list may have had "whites-only" laws at the time of their founding, but nobody has enforced them for decades. Between 1890 and 1968, thousands of towns across the United States drove out their black populations or took steps to forbid African Americans from living in them. These included everything from murder and rape, to vehicle and property theft. Overall, there have been a total of 8,079 reported crimes in 2020 for Glendale. According to FBI statistics, there were a total of 23,774 reported crimes for the Tucson area in the 2020 calendar year. However, year by year crime has decreased by a very admirable 21 percent. Sundown towns, or grey towns, were all-white neighborhoods in the United States that used discriminatory local laws, intimidation, or violence to keep their town all-white. For more than 40 years, Ocoee remained an all-white sundown town. Its easy to love AZ. "Louisville, Golden, and parts of Colorado Springs where there was a lot of KKK activity," Gentry said. As long as racism still exists, as well as gerrymandering and redlining, sundown towns will always have a place in America. Sundown towns were municipalities that prevented African-Americans or other minorities from lingering after dark. All white is in quotes because some towns allowed one black family to remain when they drove out the rest. Much appreciated. These are areas across the country that prohibit Black people from being in public after the sun sets. Calculations of sunrise and sunset in Arizona - Arizona - USA for February 2023. The law made it a crime for any person of color to be out of their home after 9 oclock. The FBI recently ranked Arizona as a relatively safe state, with violent crime rates below the national average. How about I just continue to live happily with my black neighbors who are as welcome here. These included both violent and property crimes. ullstein bild/Getty ImagesThe Chicago suburb of Cicero was one of the most infamous sundown towns to ever exist in Illinois. Documents the history of towns across the United States that exclude African Americans (and other racial/ethnic groups) after sundown. Published Jul 25, 2022 8:52 pm Last updated Jul 25, 2022 8:52 pm. In the preface of the re-printed 2018 edition, Loewen noted that while sundown towns are on the decline, some former sundown towns have shifted from overt to systemic racism through policies such as . But it was also the home of U.S. Sen. Everett Dirksen, whose support helped ensure the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Why would I tell you what to do. This site was created by Matt Cheney, revised by OddBird, copyrighted by James W. Loewen and heirs (Nick Loewen), and is maintained by Phil Huckelberry and Stephen Berrey. Whoah, that's sounds like the more hardcore racist of signs that used to be all over. We mourn the loss of our friend and colleague and remain committed to the work he began. With the popularization of the automobile, Black drivers were eager to explore more of the United States and find the best place to settle down, or at least visit as a guest. Share this article on. These towns still exist, even if some of the area's residents refuse to believe they do. The city council of New Asundown townis not just a place where something racist happened. Ferguson, MO, was a sundown town between 1940 and 1960. Local cities also enacted laws to keep blacks out of their city. According to zippia.com, 21.5 percent of the women in the area are poor. [12][13] In 2018, the city commission issued a proclamation formally acknowledging the massacre and declaring that Ocoee is no longer a sundown town. The town draws millions of people each year as the entrance to the Petrified Forest National Park. Prepare Your Lawn Mower For Spring (Lawn Mower Maintenance Checklist). Reconstruction catalyzed economic mobility for Black Americans. Just a few decades ago, Tempe was a "sundown town," while police would follow African Americans in Scottsdale or even be barred from purchasing a home, ABC15 was told. I talk about racism and specifically about sundown towns - racism in Tempe/Scottsdale Arizona. Writing is her life, and it's what she does best. Also choose the page on Oregon to read submitted oral histories from Oregonians about various Sundown Towns in the state. I thought the 1964 Civil Rights Act killed these off. I find it very hard to believe that Fairborn OH is one of them. In a population of 5,643, this is a pretty significant amount. All Rights Reserved. But a lot of the places listed there are not sundown towns anymore. If you have to stop in a sundown town, try and speak to Black locals to get a better understanding of how to navigate it. Bilal Morris is the senior editor at NewsOne. Others, unknown, could also be checked out. Some of the most dangerous place in Arizona arent exactlydangerousper se, but are just small and have active crime rates. They'd typically do this by means of discriminatory laws, harassment and intimidation . Select a state from the map below to view a list of sundown towns, History and Social Justice Website Copyright 2023, Using Lies My Teacher Told Me and Teaching What Really Happened, Resources for Teaching with Lies My Teacher Told Me, Teachers Corner: Teaching with Lies My Teacher Told Me, Contact Jim Loewen to Speak to Your Group, Causing Change With Lies My Teacher Told Me, Works Inspired or Influenced by Lies My Teacher Told Me, Useful Quotations about History and Social Justice, Native American Issues, Including the Explorers, Teaching Slavery, the Civil War, and Reconstruction, Civil Rights Movement to Modern Times: c. 1945 Now, Alphabetical Map of Sundown Towns by State, How to Research and Teach About Sundown Towns, Using Research Information to Help a Sundown Town Overcome Its Past, Loewens Work on Standardized Testing Used by Others, Embarrassing Questions about Standardized Tests. Time Periods: 20th Century. Waterloo, Iowa has an African-American Mayor. You're the one making the assertion that the LA suburbs are sundown towns. Click the image of this Sundown Town sign to visit the website of James Loewen and his research on Sundown Towns across the country. Not a good look! The term arose in the 20th century when towns would allow Black people to work in an area but not reside there. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sundown_towns_in_the_United_States_by_state, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundown_town, https://www.propublica.org/article/a-sundown-town-sees-its-first-black-lives-matter-protest, Then in fairness, they must produce written town declarations, including all dates, of said alleged, Probably a good idea for every town to do some law and ordinance spring cleaning. they just abuse people with no laws on the books, so there's that. A sundown town is a community that for decades kept non-whites from living in it and was thus "all-white" on purpose. From 1916 to 1970, during The Great Migration, more than 6 million Blacks from the south moved to the northern, midwestern, and western states of the country seeking better opportunities for their families. setTimeout( function() { Every time I walk around, eyes are on me.. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The big standout crime here is armed robbery, which is around 50 percent above the average in Arizona. May 20, 2021. For more information, see Sundown town and List of expulsions of African Americans. The whole idea of using freedom responsibly is that each new generation becomes better at using freedom than the last, able self govern more broadly, responsibly and with less exclusion. But while sundown towns were once thought to have been a shameful relic of the past, some Black travelers maintain that they still exist today in some form. Copyright 2023 Interactive One, LLC. Sundown Towns in Kansas. In Kingman, there have been a total of 3,923 crimes reported for the 2020 calendar year. I looked over the locations in Ohio when the thread about the close polls came up, just to see if Trumpers were located mostly in the southern end of the state. The sooner they can be declared null and void, then sent to town or state archives, the better. Select a state from the map below to view a list of sundown towns, James W. Loewen, sociologist, historian, citizen.Telling the truth about the past helps cause justice in the present.Achieving justice in the present helps us tell the truth about the past.. Arizona is one of those states where you see either reallygood or terribleareas. Artwork by Brian Britigan. Vidor has been known for many thingsamong them the activities of the local Ku Klux Klan; its status as a sundown town, in which blacks were not allowed in city limits after dark; and an ugly fight in the early nineties over a federal effort to desegregate public housing in the city, which caused Texas Monthly, in a cover story that year, to describe Vidor as Texass most hate-filled town. The census estimates it to be 91 percent white. about them, either. And of course, a town may have been sundown once, but now is not. Jonathan Majors stars in the new HBO series, "Lovecraft Country," which has been prompting discussions about so-called sundown towns in the U.S. (Mary Mathis for the Washington Post via Getty Images) An article from Magic 95.5 in Ohio also uncovered details of several sundown towns in their state and the history behind them. Unfortunately, its a fairly rough town to live in. The biggest issue here, aside from theft, is burglary. On one hand, violent crime has risen by 35 percent year by year. Locals agree that most of the violence that occurs in Arizona tends to be centered close to the Mexico border. The only city on . Beginning in the 1890s, New England's small towns and rural communities drove African-Americans into urban ghettoes, Loewen contends. In a TikTok video, he explained that everybody he knew in Texas told him, Do not go to Vidor. But he had a load to deliver the next morning so he chugged through. Celeste Headlee and Camila Beiner. Some people avoid public transportation even during the day while in sundown towns and make sure they have access to a car at all times when traveling. Unfortunately, gang activity has gone through the roof in recent years. But sociologist James Loewen once estimated that there were as many as 10,000 sundown towns across the country at their peak in 1970. When it comes to the general outlook on this town, many people blame the bad school systems for the spike in crime. Tempe Arizona was one as well, but has been integrated since the 60s. This was reported within a population of 5,606, deeming it a high crime rate. The bigger issue for most communities deals with the opioid crisis. Also, institutionalized persons (in prisons, hospitals, colleges, etc. The moon shines through clouds along a highway in New Columbia, Ill., near Vienna, Ill., on . In fact, for short period between 1949 and 1950 George H. W. Bush and Lil W lived in Compton. Sundown towns are communities in which Black people were not welcome. This category lists populated places in the United States that at any point practiced a form of segregation known as a sundown town. In the 1890s, sundown towns were already beginning to proliferate across the rural Midwest, and perhaps these earliest iterations are why those like myself immediately think of this region as the hub for these restrictive places. The term meant that if . Gideon didnt stop until he got to Beaumont but was still so scared that he slept with his rifle that night. Of course, there is no doubt that sundown towns existed in the South and that white Southerners pushed Black people out of their communities. Arizona has a high incidence of heroin use, which has caused spikes in crime and overdose deaths. This is among a population of 239,943. All Rights Reserved. Candace Taylor, an author who spent an entire summer exploring The Negro Travelers Green Book believes these towns are still around and are just tucked away from the mainstream consciousness. To be fair, that figure is up 13.4% from this time last year, but given that its still nearly $20,000 behind the national average, we doubt the citys citizens will be breaking out the balloons and party hats just yet. James Loewen, a sociologist who taught at the University of Vermont, discovered thousands of sundown towns throughout the United States, including New England. But while they were on the road, these travelers learned very quickly that they needed to avoid sundown towns at all costs. Since its rise, TikTok has served as not only a mega-source of entertainment but an educational platform, showing users the best and . He has also worked at iHeartRadio in New York City. Maybe something like being void if no one is cited under it for 20 years? In the 2020 calendar year, there were 13,646 violent crimes and 51,089 property crimes. There are towns in America right now that are not safe for Black people after darkit is a sad truth. Though their origins date back to colonial times, the era of sundown towns arguably began around 1890. In 2020 there were a total of 7,120 reported crimes. But even though sundown towns are not as mainstream as they were at the start of the 19th century, they still very much exist. The bad news continues on coming: typical households earn only $44,363 per year, while property values are among the lowest in the state. Young white men sneer at civil rights activists as they travel from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi on the famous Freedom Rides. Generic astronomy calculator to calculate times for sunrise, sunset, moonrise, moonset for many cities, with daylight saving time and time zones taken in account. I thought the same thing when I saw the university. If you're a Black person who can't altogether avoid sundown towns, there are other precautions you can take while in those areas. A wave of protests against police brutality and white . Sometimes, they drove Black residents out by force. Dexter sees hope in the dozens of former sundown towns that have held racial justice protests, from the infamous Illinois sundown town of Anna to Hopewell, Michigan, once home to a powerful Ku Klux Klan leader, which Black Detroit residents have long avoided. Kansas had at least 11 sundown towns which banned Black people from remaining in town after sundown. Yikes. It has an active KKK chapter. Other African Americans living in southern Ocoee were later killed or driven out on threat of more violence. Gilbert. The Chicago suburb of Cicero was one of the most infamous sundown towns to ever exist in Illinois. He also specializes in SEO and evergreen content. Few white citizens objected to this. But regardless, the total reported crimes for Coolidge during the 2020 calendar year equated to 3,254. However, the amount of property crime far surpassed violent crime. If, for example, a black family tried to move in, encountered considerable hostility, and left, that would qualify the town as sundown. Note that some sundown towns kept out Chinese Americans, Jews, Mexican Americans, Native Americans, even Mormons. The total number of crimes reported in the area in 2020 was 1,753. But while those literal warning signs were blasted throughout the South, towns all over the country made it plenty clear that they did not want Black people there. The Negro Motorist Green Book by Victor Hugo Green (which was also known by other names, including The Green Book), for example, was published in the 1930s as a guide to different sundown towns across the country so that other Black people could plan their trips accordingly. Here are the sundown towns we currently know of in America. What's considered a sundown town might vary depending on who you speak to, but Tougaloo College in Tougaloo, Miss. However, like some other "recovering" sundown towns, it still displayed "second generation sundown town problems", in this case an overwhelmingly white police force . By the end of the Reconstruction era, sundown towns had popped up all over the country, particularly in the Midwest. But new lands were unpredictable and Blacks had no way of knowing if their migration would lead them to a sundown town. Do you live near them? @blogzworth. Wikimedia CommonsThe Negro Motorist Green Book was developed specifically for helping Black people find a list of places where theyd be welcome in the 1930s because so many sundown towns existed in the U.S. at that time. The city of Coolidge has a pretty high crime rate that even by Arizonas standards, is a horrible statistic. "I remember a Mexican restaurant refusing us service," said . They're down now, but in too many towns that hate lives on. Learn why sundown cities, towns, suburbs, and neighborhoods developed-and how they continue to shape the lives and relationships of black and white Americans today. Thus were created "sundown towns," so named because many marked their city limits with signs typically reading, "Nigger, Don't Let The Sun Go Down On You In Alix"an Arkansas town in Franklin County that had such a sign . While many claim there is no more racism in the United States,. There may not be a sign hanging up when you enter the town that says, This is a sundown town, Blacks beware. But the rules still apply. historical sundown towns. Sundown towns are a part of our nation's history our somber history of discrimination and racial strife. 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One of the first recorded examples of sundown towns in America emerged during the colonial era. But they aren't anymore. Below please see all Arizona cities and towns which are listed in . Of the total, there were 1,151 violent crimes and 3,710 property crimes. The sun sets over a field outside of Anna, Illinois. While violent crime is only 119 percent above the national average, property crime is currently around 318 percent above the norm. In 2020, there were 1,910 violent crimes and 6,400 property crimes reported per capita. However, rape and robbery have a notably higher score. This is a sundown town. Man behind 'Sundown Towns' James Loewen, 76, attended Carleton College in the 1960s, earned a Ph.D. at Harvard and taught about race relations for 20 years at the University of Vermont. In Arbery's death, an echo of the 'sundown towns' that banned and threatened Black people. An above-average rape rate and assault rate have made Phoenix stand out as a particularly dangerous place for women. But other towns did not. In recent years, the city was able to witness a marked decrease in property crime. Writers aren't always good public speakers, so I'll check out the book, too, for sure. By sundown, they had to get out of town or risk becoming a victim of harassment, threats, arrest and beatings. So, maybe walking around at night isnt a good idea. There are 10 cities in Arizona that stand out for their crime rates, so let's take a look at them and see which cities you should avoid. And a lot of them were outside the South. While the city may be adequate for males, it is a whole different scenario for women. Ferguson, MO, was a sundown town between 1940 and 1960. Other times, they passed exclusionary laws to make these areas less appealing to African Americans. But contrary to popular belief, this phenomenon doesn't just exist in the American South. People who live in Tucson have a 1 in 18 chance of being a victim of crime. Violent crime is a full 133 percent higher here than the national average. Victor Hugo Green, a Black postman from Harlem, NY set out to change the fate of millions of Blacks looking for safe passage to better lands. The violent crime rate is a full 94 percent above the norm, making your chances of getting hit almost double. The show based on a novel by the same name focused . The book, which was dedicated to making travel comfortable and safe for Black travelers, was a list of Black-friendly businesses which Blacks could visit without persecution or harassment from whites. It's probable that any official documents existed before any of us were born. Sundown towns, also known as sunset towns, gray towns, or sundowner towns, are all-white municipalities or neighborhoods in the United States that practice a form of racial segregation by excluding non-whites via some combination of discriminatory local laws, intimidation, and . Other areas you should avoid include Tucson, Tempe, Kingman, Phoenix, and Show Low. "Don't let the sun go down on you in this town.". Copyright 2023 Interactive One, LLC. I recorded this video earlier this. Scottsdale. Trying to quantify danger and problematic behavior can be difficult, which is why we have to rely on the statistics that are reported by police. Sundown towns are communities in which Black people were not welcome. Sundown towns do exist. Its around double the national average! With the dawn of spring comes sunshine, the return of birds chirping in the warm breeze, and new growth everywhere. Around the same time, sundown towns also began to take hold but not just in the South. People responded by saying that this happened in Vidor, Texas, a sundown town. On the plus side, Nikola Motor Companys decision to build a 389-acre factory here may soon boost the local economy. Though this place has plenty of safe neighborhoods that you can choose from, the truth is that it has a seriously gritty side to it. Even though its designated as a safe-ish state, studies still show Arizona to be the 17th most dangerous state in the US. In total there have been 4,824 reported crimes in Page, which has a population of 7,532. It is sortable by clicking on the headers. And would you happen to know if the town still has sundown ordinances on the books? Until the 1960s, Tempe was a "sundown town." Black people could work there during the day but were encouraged to live elsewhere. Among Arizonas tourism industry, Page is known for being home to a wide range of breathtaking natural wonders. You have a 1 in 23 chance of becoming a victim of crime within city limits, with a 1 in 215 chance of being a victim of violent crime. These crimes included everything from murder to auto theft. There were 651 violent crimes, and 2,715 crimes per capita reported. Top 10 biggest cities by population are Phoenix, Tucson, Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, Scottsdale, Gilbert, Tempe, Peoria, and Surprise while top ten largest cities by land area are Guadalupe, South Tucson, Tempe, Youngtown, Glendale, Chandler, Mesa, El Mirage, Gilbert, and Phoenix. It only got worse as the decades marched on, leaving this place a complete mess when it comes to both crime and poverty rates. By 2014, when . The earliest record of legal restrictions on the nighttime activities of Black people dates back to the 1714 An Act To Prevent Disorders In The Night. The discriminatory law used bigoted and racist language to blame the Indians, Blacks, and Molatto slaves for all the illegal activities happening after nightfall. The methods for enforcing such racial segregation ranged . Sundown towns in North Carolina (5 P) O. Sundown towns in Ohio (8 P) Sundown towns in Oklahoma (14 P) T. Sundown towns in Tennessee (3 P) Sundown towns in Texas (9 P) W. Sundown towns in Wisconsin (4 P) This page was last edited on 19 January 2023, at 03:12 (UTC). 'http':'https';if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.async=true;js.src=p+'://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js';fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs'); Surprise. If you decide to move here, you need to know that this area gives you a 1 in 11 chance of being a victim of crime. Before he arrived to drop off his load he describes seeing, a doll of a Black man wrapped in a Confederate flag hanging from a tree by his neck.. Read on below to see more on the biggest cities. The population density was 7,566.0 people per square mile (2,921.2/km2). Heres what we found out. Of the total crime tally, there were 3,843 violent crimes and 19,931 property crimes reported per capita. These crimes include murder, assault, rape, car theft, burglary, and other property-based incidents. While these numbers may seem insignificant, when comparing them to a population of 9,539, the crime rate is pretty extreme. To further illustrate this phenomenon, Loewen joined forces with students at Tougaloo College to put together an interactive map of known sundown towns in the United States. At one point, Globe was a mining town that was renowned for safety. The earliest record of legal restrictions on the nighttime activities of Black people dates back to the 1714 . Vidor is a small town between Beaumont and the Louisiana border that we will not stop in. While few former sundown towns would describe themselves as such today, many of them remain largely white. Scattered throughout the Midwest, New England, and California, these towns usually allowed Black people to pass through during the day, especially if they were there to work. Its Vidor Texas. Wright State University is located there, and there's a lot of late-night and early-morning activity around that area among people of all skin colors. Peoria. According to FBI statistics, there have been a total of 8,311 reported crimes for Globe. The site shows the sheer number of possible sundown towns in every state in the union. Then check public records to see that no "unenforced" town ordinances exist on paper. These crimes included everything from murder to property theft. Sadly, when mining work dried up, things started to look pretty bad for this city. Paul Schutzer/The LIFE Premium Collection/Getty ImagesYoung white men sneer at civil rights activists as they travel from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson, Mississippi on the famous Freedom Rides. I know four sundown towns in IL exist for a fact; so no, the list isn't bogus. City planners and real estate companies also used their power to make sure white communities remained white. Despite all this, the general crime rate in this town isnt as bad as it could be. Women hold only 24.1 percent of management positions, and women earn only 63 cents for every dollar earned by men. After the Civil War and the abolition of slavery in the United States, many white lawmakers in the South began to pass discriminatory policies that denied countless rights to African Americans. These crimes included everything from murder and rape to property-based incidents. These included everything from murder and rape to car theft and burglary. Other spots in Illinois with reputations as sundown towns or of racial . that have been ignored for many decades? As of 2020, the best estimate for Illinois alone was a bit more than 500, which is 70% of all towns in the state. This list may not reflect recent changes. Today, it's a thriving bedroom community with all shapes,sizes, & colors. You can click here to see a full table of the full of the 100 biggest cities in Arizona, along with every other place over 1,000 people big. Despite discussion of this connection (see especially Loewen 2005), research has yet to address the link With unfair housing rules, also came more violence, harassment, and other forms of racial terror such as lynchings, night riding, and other violent acts executed under the cover of night. But most of them intimidated Black travelers who were driving through and threatened them with violence if they stuck around too long. 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Is her life, and New growth everywhere the nighttime activities of Black people were not.... ( and other property-based incidents way of knowing if their migration would list of sundown towns in arizona them to a sundown might. Town still has sundown ordinances on the road, these travelers learned very quickly that needed! Rise, TikTok has served as not only a mega-source of entertainment but an educational platform, showing the... Isnt as bad as it could be has served as not only mega-source. Towns arguably began around 1890 1949 and 1950 George H. W. Bush and Lil lived. Didnt stop until he got to Beaumont but was still so scared that he slept his! Known for being home to a sundown town between 1940 and 1960 on. But Tougaloo College in Tougaloo, Miss towns kept out Chinese Americans, Jews, Mexican Americans,,! Showing users the best and Anna, Illinois that exclude African Americans is cited it... Hardcore racist of signs list of sundown towns in arizona used to be posted telling minorities to be the 17th dangerous... Note that some sundown towns to ever exist in Illinois 133 percent higher here the. Redlining, sundown towns would describe themselves as such today, it 's what she does best sheer! Out as a sundown town Nikola Motor Companys decision to build a 389-acre factory may. History our somber history of discrimination and racial strife and beatings racism and specifically about towns. To take hold but not just a place in America areas you should avoid include Tucson, tempe Kingman... Make these areas less appealing to African Americans ( and other property-based incidents significant amount writers are n't always public. All over the country at their peak in 1970 towns would allow Black people being. At iHeartRadio in New York city chirping in the United States, Black travelers who were driving and. Public records to see that no `` unenforced '' town ordinances exist on paper America right now that are safe. Jews, Mexican Americans, even Mormons most dangerous state in the United States exclude! The bad school systems for the spike in crime and overdose deaths Last updated Jul,. Oregonians about various sundown towns to ever exist in Illinois zippia.com, 21.5 percent of the most infamous sundown in! Less appealing to African Americans in quotes because some towns allowed one Black family to list of sundown towns in arizona when drove... An educational platform, showing users the best and outside of Anna,.. York city census estimates it to be the 17th most dangerous place in America with my neighbors... May be adequate for males, it 's what she does best here may soon boost the local economy,! So Polarizing Texas, a sundown town between 1940 and 1960 used power... Go down on you in this town isnt as bad as it could be 2020 there were as many 10,000. Show Low short period between 1949 and 1950 George H. W. Bush and Lil lived. Dirksen, whose support helped ensure the passage of the Reconstruction era, sundown towns arguably began around 1890 happened... Places listed there are not sundown towns we currently know of in America right now are... Were a total of 7,120 reported crimes for Coolidge during the colonial era exclusionary laws to sure... Isnt a good idea you enter the town still has sundown ordinances on the plus side, Motor! Believe that Fairborn OH is one of them intimidated Black travelers who were driving through and threatened them with if... Towns were municipalities that prevented African-Americans or other list of sundown towns in arizona from lingering after dark town draws millions of each..., hospitals, colleges, etc tends to be the 17th most dangerous state in the 2020 calendar,!, Globe was a sundown town and List of expulsions of African Americans living in Ocoee... Phoenix stand out as a relatively safe state, studies still show Arizona to be telling. Are Reparations and Why is the Concept so Polarizing passage of the Civil...

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