For the purposes of this research project I will compare and contrast three specific categories for each tribe in order to show how they were either similar or different from one another. Engineering the courts required an intimate understanding of daily and seasonal tides, hydrology and the biology of various fish species, said Thompson. Along the southwest Gulf coast lived the Calusa (Caloosa) Indians. At some point of time in their history, this tribe discovered that there was a wealth of fish in the waters, and began to exploit this resource. They had the highest population density of South Florida; estimates of total population at the time of European contact range from 10,000 to several times that, but these are speculative. The Tequesta Indians were a tribe of eastern Florida, closely connected with the Ais. One ritual was witnessed in which a large procession of masked men came down from a mound accompanied by hundreds of singing women (Goggin and Sturtevant 1964). The Spanish founded a mission on Biscayne Bay in 1743 to serve survivors from several tribes, including the Calusa, who had gathered there and in the Florida Keys. They formerly held the southwest coast from about Tampa Bay to Cape Sable and Cape Florida, together with all the outlying keys, and extending inland to Lake Okeechobee. Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de Len landed on the east coast of Florida and . Tracking the Calusa: A Retrospective. Calusa ceremonies included processions of priests and singing women. 01 Mar 2023 , 3260 South Street Florida Museum artifact photos by Jeff Gage. There was little change in the pottery tradition after this. Many smaller tribes were constantly watching for these marauding warriors. Artist's conception of town chief at the Calusa town of Tampa (present day Pineland) (Art by Merald Clark.) We began with a basic set of questions, said Marquardt. [5] A few leaders governed the tribe. Native American tribes Historic sources reveal that they were a warlike people who economically and politically dominated most of southern Florida (Fig. They established a complex, centralized government, constructed a canal system, the beginnings of organized religion, and the creating of many art forms. "Florida Indians of Past and Present", in Carson, Ruby Leach and, Goggin, John M., and William C. Sturtevant. It is documented that their power and influence extended over . The pelican, wolf, and deer figureheads mentioned here (Figs. They built massive mounds of shells and sand, dug large canals, engineered sophisticated fish corrals, held elaborate ceremonies, created remarkable works of art, such as intricately carved wooden masks and traversed the waters in canoes made from hollowed-out logs. They believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of the tribe and warfare. [24][25], In 1566 Pedro Menndez de Avils, founder of St. Augustine, made contact with the Calusa. American Archaeology cover, featuring Florida Museum illustration by Merald Clark. The first Spanish explorers found that these Indians were not very friendly. Unlike most Florida Indian tribes . Artifacts related to fishing changed slowly over this period, with no obvious breaks in tradition that might indicate a replacement of the population. The Calusa Indians, a poorly understood group of bygone Native Americans D Donna Jean Calusa Indians European Explorers University Of South Florida Gulf Coast Florida Spirit World Mexica South Florida People & Environments: The Calusa Domain: Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. Despite the social complexity and political might that the Calusa attained, they are said to have eventually went extinct around the end of the 18 th century. Certain ceremonies were performed to seal the alliance (and perhaps also as a display of the might of the Calusa), and was witnessed by over 4000 people. They fished and hunted for their food and would catch things like: mullet, catfish, eels, turtles, deer, conchs, clams, oysters, and crabs. The chief is said to have entertained the governor in a building so large that it could hold 2000 people in it. They developed a complex culture based on estuarine fisheries rather than agriculture. Gainesville: University of Florida Press: Florida Museum of Natural History, 1991. they did speacial dances. Five friars who stayed in the chief's house in 1697 complained that the roof let in the rain, sun and dew. In his second voyage, Ponce de Leon received a poisoned arrow that hounded his tight and he died in Cuba the same year in 1521.His decease is attributed to Calusa people. Undecorated pottery belonging to the early Glades culture appeared in the region around 500 BC. The Calusa Native Americans. On Key Marco, among numerous mounds and ridges of earth and shell, he discovered a courtyard submerged in mud and bound by walls of conch shells. The first people to live on the island were the Calusa Native Americans, who were known as a fierce people. Re-entering the area in 1614, Spanish forces attacked the Calusa as part of a war between the Calusa and Spanish-allied tribes around Tampa Bay. By 880, a complex society had developed with high population densities. The chief had many wives: one principal wife and others given to him by surrounding villages. The 2017 excavations were really exciting for a number of reasons, Thompson said. Detailed analysis and AMS dates led us to the realization that the structure went through at least three phases of building activity over several centuries, the earliest phase dating to around A.D. 1000.. The fact that the Calusa were fishers, not farmers, created tension between them and the Spaniards, who arrived in Florida when the Calusa kingdom was at its zenith, Thompson said. The Calusa Indians, who live in southwest Florida, are weakened by epidemics. They arrived in seven vessels and climbed to the peak of Mound Key, a 30-foot-high, human-made island of shells and sand, to greet the king. Tools for fishing were made of shell, wood, and plant materials and included hooks and spears, nets, net floats and sinkers, cord, and anchors (Fig. Many of them are trying to do this on the Internet. The chief's house was described as having two big windows, suggesting that it had walls. Because the Timucua didn't use money, though, a shaman would be given such items as baskets or turkeys. Spanish admiral Pedro Menndez de Avils (1519-1574) by Francisco de Paula Mart (1762-1827) ( Public Domain ). They left 1,700 behind. The Apalachee Tribe was among the most advanced and powerful Native American people in Florida. People commonly occupied both fresh and saltwater wetlands. Index of Indigenous languages Cultivated gourds were used as net floats, and sinkers and net weights were made from mollusk shells. The drove back multiple conquistadors and had control of nearby tribes. And, although some of Cushings ideas about the Indians he had discovered and their relationship to tribes in the Caribbean and South America have not remained popular among scholars, his descriptive notes and insights are of unquestionable value. Many smaller tribes were constantly watching for these marauding warriors. It seems clear that while the Spaniards wanted strategic control of the region, the Calusa territory provided them with little economic incentive for serious pursuit; they and other Europeans explored more promising regions to the north. Although many others survived the shipwreck, only Fontaneda was spared by the tribe in whose territory they landed. Return to our menu of Native American cultures The Calusa artifacts discovered on Marco Island date from 300 AD to 1500 AD, prior to European contact in Florida. Milanich, J. T. (2004). AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. ln 2017, funded by the National Science Foundation, the research team began a systematic investigation of these structures, the largest of which is about 36,000 square feet, with a surrounding berm of shell and sediment that stood about three feet high. The Calusa built their entire way of life around the ocean and estuaries of the Gulf Coast, creating a vast empire by learning to manipulate their environment. After death only the last one remained with the body to be buried with it. Little was recorded of jewelry or other ornamentation among the Calusa. Florida Museum of Natural History Florida and Georgia archaeologists have discovered the location of Fort San Antn de Carlos, home of one of the first Jesuit missions in North America. ( Public Domain ). The first phase of work included the creation of a detailed topographic map of the island using LiDAR, which gave archaeologists information about its structures and geography. The Calusa persisted for another century in isolation, but eventually succumbed to slave raids by Creek Indians from the north and exposure to diseases they brought. The chief lived in the main village at the mouth of the Miami River. All his subjects had to obey his commands. Marquardt, William H. (2004). How was the Calusa Indian nation organized? Wiki User. . They were occupying this land and engaging in commerce, culture, religion, politics and family life . Since it seems to be working, many people still believe in the legend. After Spain ceded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763, the remaining tribes of South Florida were relocated to Cuba by the Spanish, completing their removal from the region. The Calusa may have been the only ancient people in North America who established a kingdom without practicing agriculture. [9] There is also evidence that as early as 2,000 years ago, the Calusa cultivated a gourd of the species Cucurbita pepo and the bottle gourd, which were used for net floats and dippers. Their immune systems lacked antibodies to fight off European diseases. After each meal, these shells were put to good use as building material and tools. [19], Little is known of the language of the Calusa. Cord was also made from cabbage palm leaves, saw palmetto trunks, Spanish moss, false sisal (Agave decipiens) and the bark of cypress and willow trees. There is evidence that the people intensively exploited Charlotte Harbor aquatic resources before 3500 BC. Known as the "Shell Indians", the Calusa are . It has also been stated that the Spanish were brought into a large temple, where they saw carved and painted wooden masks covering its walls. The Caloosahatchee culture inhabited the Florida west coast from Estero Bay to Charlotte Harbor and inland about halfway to Lake Okeechobee, approximately covering what are now Charlotte and Lee counties. These deposits were carefully water-screened using a series of nested screens in order to capture even the finest organic materials. [17], The Calusa believed that three supernatural people ruled the world, that people had three souls, and that souls migrated to animals after death. Though not all have survived, carvings included a sea turtle, alligator, pelican, fish-hawk, owl, bear, crab, wolf, wildcat, mountain lion, and a deer, many of which were painted black, white, gray-blue, and brownish-red. [2], Juan Rogel, a Jesuit missionary to the Calusa in the late 1560s, noted the chief's name as Carlos, but wrote that the name of the kingdom was Escampaba, with an alternate spelling of Escampaha. Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a Spaniard held captive by the Calusa in the 16th century, recorded that Calusa meant "fierce people" in their language. 8, 9). [10][11][12], Mollusk shells and wood were used to make hammering and pounding tools. He was aware, however, of the magnitude of his findings: the remains of a highly organized maritime society whose members performed elaborate rituals and whose artists possessed remarkable abilities in wood carving. Calusa v. Iroquois: Religious Beliefs. Many people lived in large villages with purpose-built earthwork mounds, such as those at Horr's Island. Calusa political influence and control also extended over other tribes in southern Florida, including the Mayaimi around Lake Okeechobee, and the Tequesta and Jaega on the southeast coast of the peninsula. Tabby was an Old World concrete consisting of lime from burned shells mixed with sand, ash, water and broken shells. The architectural remains of the kings house were relatively easy to find, but difficult to interpret at first, Marquardt said. 9). The explorers soon became the targets of the Calusa attacks. The leaders included the paramount chief, or "king"; a military leader (capitn general in Spanish); and a chief priest. Uniquely, it was powered by fishing, not farming. Indigenous people of the Everglades region, "Fish Hooks, Gorges, and Leister - Natural & Cultural Collections of South Florida (U.S. National Park Service)", Evidence for a Calusa-Tunica Relationship, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calusa&oldid=1140745100, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Language articles with unreferenced extinction date, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Bullen, Adelaide K. (1965). The best information about the Calusa comes from the Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, one of these survivors. The Spanish left less description on what the Calusa women wore. THE CALUSA INDIANS OF SOUTHWEST FLORIDA. Typical Women's Work. Want this question answered? He struck an uneasy peace with their leader Caluus, or Carlos. The chief also married women from subject towns and allied tribes. This class was supported by commoners, who provided them with food and other material goods. The Spanish careened one of their ships, and Calusas offered to trade with them. Different tribes and regions had their own games and traditions. Florida's climate had reached current conditions and the sea had risen close to its present level by about 3000 BC. During Menndez de Avils's visit in 1566, the chief's wife was described as wearing pearls, precious stones and gold beads around her neck. Chumash Tribe Facts: The Chumash Name See answer (1) Best Answer. "[6] In 1564, according to a Spanish source, the priest was the chief's father, and the military leader was his cousin. Honestly, we have explored a very small sample of Mound Key and other nearby island sites., ln the next couple of years, Thompson added, Id like to return to Mound Key to look more closely at the fort and its structures to really delve into Calusa-Spanish interactions.. It is believed that Calusa translated to mean "Fierce People". At first, there must have been an uneasy tolerance of one another, as the Spanish built their fort, Marquardt explained. His status was reflected by his personal adornments, which included a golden headdress and beaded leg bands (Coggin and Sturtevant 1964). Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. The Spanish were used to dealing with natives who farmed and who provided the Spanish with some of their food. [Online]Available at: http://www.funandsun.com/1tocf/inf/nativepeoples/calusa.html, www.sanibelhistory.org, 2016. Cushings knowledge of American Indian culture, and specifically his experiences at Zuni Pueblo, helped him make rapid judgments about objects which in many cases were disintegrating before him. According to Spanish accounts, it was 1566 and, hoping to impress Caalus, who ruled what is now South Florida, Menendez had assembled 500 men, including some 200 soldiers, as well as trumpeters, drummers, fifes and even a gifted singing and dancing dwarf. Among other things. The expedition was sponsored jointly by The University Museum (then the Free Museum of Science and Art) and the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution. It's one of Florida's most popular destinations for its turquoise coast and laid-back vibe. Darcie A. Macmahon and Dr. William H. Marquardt, an expert on the Calusa, have written a fascinating book that brings to life a group of people who disappeared from Florida in the 1700s. Their gods were living all around them. At Mound Key, the Spaniards used primitive tabby as a mortar to stabilize the posts in the walls of their wooden structures. The temple mounds, built by what must have been a well-organized work force, measured up to 30 feet high and were often topped with buildings of wood and thatch entered only by the elite. Additionally, it has been pointed out that tribute was sent to this chief from other tribes in south Florida. This now makes three southwest Florida sites with wet-site preservation of such items as wood, cordage and netting: the Pineland Site Complex, Key Marco and now Mound Key.. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. The Beast with an insatiable Hunger for Human Flesh, Film Footage Provides Intimate View of HMS Gloucester Shipwreck, Top 8 Legendary Parties - Iconic Celebrations in Ancient History, The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth Behind the Black Legend (Part II), The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth behind the Dark Legend (Part I), Bloodthirsty Buddhists: The Sohei Warrior Monks of Feudal Japan, Caesars Savage Human Skewers Unearthed In German Fort, The Red Taj Mahal and the Dutch Hessings of India. The Chilling Mystery of the Octavius Ghost Ship, What is a Wendigo? The fishing nets they used to catch food were made from palm tree fibers. ed. The chief organized warfare and possessed special and traditional religious knowledge. It was during this phase of research that the team located and documented the massive kings house, showing it was indeed every bit as impressive as Spanish accounts, which claimed it was large enough to accommodate some 2,000 people. The Calusa were a fascinating Native American people who populated the southwestern coast of Florida. Radiocarbon dating of carbonized wood, a deer bone and a shell verified the forts mid-16th-century date. Understanding the Mysterious Kingdom of Shambhala, Dont Cross the Kobolds: Mischievous Spirits of European Folklore, The Curious Apparitions of Pagan Goddesses to the German Knights Templar, The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, The Gristhorpe Man: A Bronze Age Skeleton with a Story to Tell, The Origins of Human Language: One of the Hardest Problems in Science, Translation of 5,500-Year-Old Babel Text from China Reveals Oldest Known Map of Inner Solar System, A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire. Openings in the berms likely allowed the Calusa to drive fish into the enclosures for short-term storage, and then they closed those openings with nets and wooden gates. Fruit and roots were gathered, and deer, bear, and raccoon were probably eaten as well. This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 15:27. However, archeological digs on Sanibel Island and Useppa Island have revealed evidence that the Calusa did in fact consume wild plants such as cabbage palm, prickly pear, hog plum, acorns, wild papaya, and chili peppers. [15], The Calusa wore little clothing. [23], The Pnfilo de Narvez expedition of 1528 and the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1539 both landed in the vicinity of Tampa Bay, north of the Calusa domain. The Spanish departed and returned to Puerto Rico. The Calusa are said to have been a socially complex and politically powerful tribe, and most of southern Florida was controlled by them. At the time of first European contact, the Caloosahatchee culture region formed the core of the Calusa domain. Rogel also stated that the chief's name was Caalus, and that the Spanish had changed it to Carlos. Around A.D. 1250, the area experienced a drop in sea level that, according to research team member Karen Walker, collections manager at the Florida Museum of Natural History, may have impacted fish populations enough to have prompted the Calusa to design and build the watercourts. South Florida Archaeology and Ethnography, South Florida Archaeology & Ethnography Collection. And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there existcountless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts thathave yet to be discovered and explained. The men of the Calusa are recorded to have been powerfully built, and let their hair grow long. The Calusa were descended from people who had lived in the area for at least 1,000 years prior to European contact, and possibly for much longer than that. The Calusa used the canals to travel by canoe from their villages and ceremonial centers to coastal trading posts. [28] Cuban fishing camps (ranchos) operated along the southwest Florida coast from the 18th century into the middle of the 19th century. [26], For more than a century after the Avils adventure, there was little contact between the Spanish and Calusa. Mound Key, an island west of Fort Myers, was the center of this large Calusa Empire. -written by Glenn Emery. Their main waterway was the Calooshahatchee River, which means River of the Calusa. The capital of the Calusa, and where the rulers administered from, was Mound Key, near present day Estero, Florida. In 1697 Franciscan missionaries established a mission to the Calusa but left after a few months.[27]. It appears that the answer is their watercourts, which were discovered back in the 1890s. He had a council which may have included one or more head priests and one or two high-ranking individuals involved in political and religious decision-making. A new tribe that entered Florida either from the islands or the north at the start of the Christian Era, the Calusa dominated South Florida with their statute, skills, and brutality. The Calusa believed that their cacique was not only the leader of their tribe, but also their spiritual leader. The people who constructed Fort San Antn de Carlos had to adapt to Mound Keys unique conditions, researchers said. Later periods in the Caloosahatchee culture are defined in the archaeological record by the appearance of pottery from other traditions. In the wake of conflict and European-borne disease, the Calusa were extinguished by the second half of the 18th century. Archaeological techniques were not very well defined in Cushings day, and though he took detailed notes of his findings, information on the stratigraphy of the site was not recorded. Illustrated here, the deer, pelican, wolf, alligator, and sea turtle reveal extraordinary realism, delicacy, and gracefulness of formartistic qualities characteristic of Mississippian Period and earlier ceramic, stone, and wood sculpture excavated in the area and at sites further north (Figs. The canals were maintained until the mid-1700s, when the tribe disappeared from . Current conditions and the sea had risen close to its present level by about 3000 BC nets!, it was powered by fishing, not farming this page was last edited on February... Class was supported by commoners, who live in southwest Florida, are weakened by epidemics Calusa included... Were constantly watching for these marauding warriors exciting for a number of reasons, said. The pottery tradition after this is documented that their cacique was not the! Became the targets of the population Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising -Submissions! Was described as having two big windows, suggesting that it could 2000. The language of the Calusa attacks, only Fontaneda was spared by the second of. 24 ] [ 25 ], the Calusa few months. [ 27 ] we Give back - us. The wake of conflict and European-borne disease, the Calusa attacks soon became the targets of the language of language. Tribe disappeared from tribes and regions had their own games and traditions Calusa!, the others ruled the welfare of the kings house were relatively easy to find, but their! Number of reasons, Thompson said out that tribute was sent to chief! Changed it to Carlos with sand, ash, water and broken shells the canals to travel by from... Calusa believed that their power and influence extended over, or Carlos 25 ], mollusk shells in Florida trying! History, 1991. they did speacial calusa tribe religion around 500 BC periods in archaeological. And a Shell verified the forts mid-16th-century date its turquoise coast and laid-back vibe 19 ], the are! The Calusa believed that Calusa translated to mean & quot ; Shell Indians & quot,... 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